Methods, systems, and computer program products for determining fabrication parameters used in three-dimensional (3d) continuous liquid interface printing (clip) systems, and related printers

ABSTRACT

A method of determining Parameters for application to Continuous Liquid Interface Printing (CLIP) can be provided by receiving an objective input for fabrication using a CLIP printer and determining best Parameters to be applied to the CLIP Printer during Fabrication using a model that defines a relationship between the objective input and Parameters to be applied during fabrication.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/132,673, entitled METHODS, SYSTEMS, AND COMPUTER PROGRAM PRODUCTS FOR DETERMINING FABRICATION PARAMETERS USED IN THREE-DIMENSIONAL (3D) CONTINUOUS LIQUID INTERFACE PRODUCTION (CLIP) SYSTEMS, AND RELATED PRINTERS, filed in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office on Mar. 13, 2015 (Attorney Docket No. 1151-43PR), and to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/132,566 entitled METHODS, SYSTEMS, AND COMPUTER PROGRAM PRODUCTS FOR DETERMINING ORIENTATION AND FABRICATION PARAMETERS USED IN THREE-DIMENSIONAL (3D) CONTINUOUS LIQUID INTERFACE PRINTING (CLIP) SYSTEMS, AND RELATED PRINTERS, filed in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office on Mar. 13, 2015 (Attorney Docket No. 1151-49PR), and claims priority to U.S. Non-Provisional Application Ser. No. ______, entitled METHODS, SYSTEMS, AND COMPUTER PROGRAM PRODUCTS FOR DETERMINING ORIENTATION AND FABRICATION PARAMETERS USED IN THREE-DIMENSIONAL (3D) CONTINUOUS LIQUID INTERFACE PRINTING (CLIP) SYSTEMS, AND RELATED PRINTERS, filed in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office on Mar. 11, 2016 (Attorney Docket No. 1151-49) the disclosures of all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

FIELD

The present invention relates, generally, to the fabrication of three-dimensional objects and, more particularly, to additive production of three-dimensional objects.

BACKGROUND

In some conventional additive fabrication techniques, construction of a three-dimensional object may be performed in a step-wise or layer-by-layer manner. For example, layers may be formed through solidification of a photo curable resin responsive to visible or UV light irradiation. One such known technique can provide new layers formed at the top surface of an object being fabricated. Another technique can provide new layers at the bottom surface of the object being fabricated.

Some examples of these approaches are discussed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,236,637, 7,438,846, 7,892,474, US Patent Publication No. 2013/0292862, and US Patent Publication No. 2013/0295212.

Another approach includes that used by the B9Creator™ 3D printer marketed by B9Creations of Deadwood, S. Dak., USA.

SUMMARY

A method of determining Parameters for application to a Continuous Liquid Interface printer (CLIP), can be provided by receiving an objective input for fabrication using a CLIP printer and determining best Parameters to be applied to the CLIP printer during fabrication using a model that defines a relationship between the objective input and Parameters to be applied during fabrication.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a 3D object for fabrication using a CLIP printer in some embodiments according to the invention.

FIGS. 2A and 2B are flowcharts illustrating operations of a system for determining Parameters used to fabricate the 3D object of FIG. 1 using a CLIP printer in some embodiments according to the invention.

FIG. 3 is a flowchart illustrating operations of the system in FIG. 2B to determine Parameters used to fabricate the 3D object of FIG. 1 using simulation in some embodiments according to the invention.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a computing device suitable for use in some embodiments according to the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS ACCORDING TO THE INVENTION

The present invention is now described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which embodiments of the invention are shown. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout.

As described herein, while a variety of additive manufacturing methods and apparatus may be used, in some embodiments, the 3D objects can be produced using a liquid interface, which may be referred to as remote “Continuous Liquid Interface Printing” or “Continuous Liquid Interface Production” (CLIP), these terms being used interchangeably. It will be understood that in some embodiments according to the invention, the term “continuous” (or “continuously”) can refer to the formation of at least some contiguous portions of the 3D object in situ. For example, in some embodiments according to the invention, different portions of the 3D object, which are contiguous with one another in the final 3D object, can both be formed sequentially within a gradient of polymerization. Furthermore, a first portion of the 3D object can remain in the gradient of polymerization while a second portion, that is contiguous with the first portion, is formed in the gradient of polymerization. Accordingly, the 3D object can be fabricated, grown or produced continuously from the gradient of polymerization (rather than fabricated in discrete layers).

CLIP may be carried out as a bottom-up three dimensional additive manufacturing technique. In general, bottom-up additive manufacturing may be carried out by: (a) providing a carrier and an optically transparent member having a build surface, said carrier and said build surface defining a build region therebetween; (b) filling said build region with a polymerizable liquid, said polymerizable liquid comprising a mixture of (i) a light (typically ultraviolet light) polymerizable liquid first component, and (ii) a second solidifiable component of the dual cure system; (c) irradiating said build region with light through said optically transparent member to form a solid polymer scaffold from said first component and also advancing said carrier away from said build surface to form a three-dimensional intermediate having the same shape as, or a shape to be imparted to, said three-dimensional object and containing said second solidifiable component (e.g., a second reactive component) carried in said scaffold in unsolidified and/or uncured form; and (d) concurrently with or subsequent to said irradiating step, solidifying and/or curing (e.g., further reacting, further polymerizing, further chain extending), said second solidifiable component (e.g., by heating and/or microwave irradiating) in said three-dimensional intermediate to form said three-dimensional object.

As noted above, the products are preferably formed by continuous liquid interface production (CLIP). CLIP is known and described in, for example, PCT Applications Nos. PCT/US2014/015486 (also published as US 2015/0102532); PCT/US2014/015506 (also published as US 2015/0097315), PCT/US2014/015497 (also published as US 2015/0097316), and in J. Tumbleston, D. Shirvanyants, N. Ermoshkin et al., Continuous liquid interface production of 3D Objects, Science 347, 1349-1352 (published online 16 Mar. 2015), all of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference. In some embodiments, CLIP employs features of a bottom-up three dimensional fabrication as described above, but the the irradiating and/or said advancing steps are carried out while also concurrently: (i) continuously maintaining a dead zone of polymerizable liquid in contact with said build surface, and (ii) continuously maintaining a gradient of polymerization zone (such as an active surface) between said dead zone and said solid polymer and in contact with each thereof, said gradient of polymerization zone comprising said first component in partially cured form. In some embodiments of CLIP, the optically transparent member comprises a semipermeable member (e.g., a fluoropolymer), and said continuously maintaining a dead zone is carried out by feeding an inhibitor of polymerization through said optically transparent member, thereby creating a gradient of inhibitor in said dead zone and optionally in at least a portion of said gradient of polymerization zone.

In some embodiments, CLIP may be carried out by optically establishing the dead zone and gradient of polymerization/active surface, such as by techniques explained in US Patent Application Publication No. US 2004/0181313 to Shih et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 8,697,346 to McLeod et al., S. Hell et al., Nanoscale Resolution with Focused Light: STED and Other RESOLFT Microscopy Concepts, in Handbook of Biological Confocal Microscopy (J. Pawley ed., 3d Ed. 2006); T. Andrew et al., Science, 324, 917-921 (2009); and T. Scott et al., Science 324, 913-917 (2009), all of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference. In such case, the window or build plate may be either semipermeable, or may be impermeable to an inhibitor of polymerization (e.g., a single glass sheet). In some embodiments, CLIP may be carried out by generating the inhibitor of polymerization electrochemically, such as by an optically transparent electrode or electrode array associated with the window or build plate, by which oxygen is electrochemically generated from water included in the polymerizable liquid. Again, in such case, the window or build plate may be either semipermeable (e.g., a fluoropolymer) or may be impermeable to an inhibitor of polymerization (e.g., a single glass sheet).

While the dead zone and the gradient of polymerization zone do not have a strict boundary therebetween (in those locations where the two meet), the thickness of the gradient of polymerization zone is in some embodiments at least as great as the thickness of the dead zone. Thus, in some embodiments, the dead zone has a thickness of from 0.01, 0.1, 1, 2, or 10 microns up to 100, 200 or 400 microns, or more, and/or the gradient of polymerization zone and the dead zone together have a thickness of from 1 or 2 microns up to 400, 600, or 1000 microns, or more. Thus the gradient of polymerization zone may be thick or thin depending on the particular process conditions at that time. Where the gradient of polymerization zone is thin, it may also be described as an active surface on the bottom of the growing three-dimensional object, with which monomers can react and continue to form growing polymer chains therewith. In some embodiments, the gradient of polymerization zone, or active surface, is maintained (while polymerizing steps continue) for a time of at least 5, 10, 15, 20 or 30 seconds, up to 5, 10, 15 or 20 minutes or more, or until completion of the three-dimensional product.

The method may further comprise the step of disrupting the gradient of polymerization zone for a time sufficient to form a cleavage line in the three-dimensional object (e.g., at a predetermined desired location for intentional cleavage, or at a location in the object where prevention of cleavage or reduction of cleavage is non-critical), and then reinstating the gradient of polymerization zone (e.g. by pausing, and resuming, the advancing step, increasing, then decreasing, the intensity of irradiation, and combinations thereof).

CLIP may be carried out in different operating modes operating modes (that is, different manners of advancing the carrier and build surface away from one another), including continuous, intermittent, reciprocal, and combinations thereof.

Thus in some embodiments, the advancing step is carried out continuously, at a uniform or variable rate, with either constant or intermittent illumination or exposure of the build area to the light source.

In other embodiments, the advancing step is carried out sequentially in uniform increments (e.g., of from 0.1 or 1 microns, up to 10 or 100 microns, or more) for each step or increment. In some embodiments, the advancing step is carried out sequentially in variable increments (e.g., each increment ranging from 0.1 or 1 microns, up to 10 or 100 microns, or more) for each step or increment. The size of the increment, along with the rate of advancing, will depend in part upon factors such as temperature, pressure, structure of the article being produced (e.g., size, density, complexity, configuration, etc.).

In some embodiments, the rate of advance (whether carried out sequentially or continuously) is from about 0.1 1, or 10 microns per second, up to about to 100, 1,000, or 10,000 microns per second, again depending again depending on factors such as temperature, pressure, structure of the article being produced, intensity of radiation, etc.

In still other embodiments, the carrier is vertically reciprocated with respect to the build surface to enhance or speed the refilling of the build region with the polymerizable liquid. In some embodiments, the vertically reciprocating step, which comprises an upstroke and a downstroke, is carried out with the distance of travel of the upstroke being greater than the distance of travel of the downstroke, to thereby concurrently carry out the advancing step (that is, driving the carrier away from the build plate in the Z dimension) in part or in whole.

While CLIP is the preferred additive manufacturing technique for carrying out the present invention, it will be appreciated that other bottom-up or top-down additive manufacturing techniques, including ink jet printer techniques, may also be used. Such methods are known and described in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,236,637 to Hull, U.S. Pat. No. 7,438,846 to John, U.S. Pat. No. 8,110,135 to El-Siblani, and U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2013/0292862 to Joyce and 2013/0295212 to Chen et al. The disclosures of these patents and applications are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.

Additional examples of apparatus, polymerizable liquids (or “resins”), and methods that may be used in carrying out the present invention include, but are not limited to, those set forth in J. DeSimone et al., Three-Dimensional Printing Using Tiled Light Engines, PCT Publication No. WO/2015/195909 (published 23 Dec. 2015); J. DeSimone et al., Three-Dimensional Printing Method Using Increased Light Intensity and Apparatus Therefore, PCT Publication No. WO/2015/195920 (published 23 Dec. 2015), A. Ermoshkin et al., Three-Dimensional Printing with Reciprocal Feeding of Polymerizable Liquid, PCT Publication No. WO/2015/195924 (published 23 Dec. 2015); J. Rolland et al., Method of Producing Polyurethane Three-Dimensional Objects from Materials having Multiple Mechanisms of Hardening, PCT Publication No. WO 2015/200179 (published 30 Dec. 2015); J. Rolland et al., Methods of Producing Three-Dimensional Objects from Materials Having Multiple Mechanisms of Hardening, PCT Publication No. WO 2015/200173 (published 30 Dec. 2015); J. Rolland et al., Three-Dimensional Objects Produced from Materials Having Multiple Mechanisms of Hardening, PCT Publication No. WO/2015/200189 (published 30 Dec. 2015); J. Rolland et al., Polyurethane Resins Having Multiple Mechanisms of Hardening for Use in Producing Three-Dimensional Objects published 30 Dec. 2015); and J. DeSimone et al., Methods and Apparatus for Continuous Liquid Interface Production with Rotation, PCT Publication No. WO/2016/007495, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

In an alternate embodiment of the invention, the methods may be carried out with a method and apparatus as described in Hull, U.S. Pat. No. 5,236,637, at FIG. 4, where the polymerizable liquid is floated on top of an immiscible liquid layer (said to be “non-wetting” therein). Here, the immiscible liquid layer serves as the build surface. If so implemented, the immiscible liquid (which may be aqueous or non-aqueous) preferably: (i) has a density greater than the polymerizable liquid, (ii) is immiscible with the polymerizable liquid, and (iii) is wettable with the polymerizable liquid. Ingredients such as surfactants, wetting agents, viscosity-enhancing agents, pigments, and particles may optionally be included in either or both of the polymerizable liquid or immiscible liquid.

While the present invention is preferably carried out by continuous liquid interphase polymerization, as described in detail above, in some embodiments alternate methods and apparatus for bottom-up three-dimension fabrication may be used, including layer-by-layer fabrication. Examples of such methods and apparatus include, but are not limited to, those described U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,438,846 to John and U.S. Pat. No. 8,110,135 to El-Siblani, and in U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2013/0292862 to Joyce and 2013/0295212 to Chen et al. The disclosures of these patents and applications are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

The fabrication of 3D objects is also described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,216,546; 9,211,678; and 9,205,601, the contents of all of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference.

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a 3D object 100 for fabrication using a Continuous Liquid Interface Production (CLIP) printer in some embodiments according to the invention. According to FIG. 1, the 3D object 100 can be represented as a collection of contiguous Portions 1-N of the 3D object 100. The contiguous Portions 1-N can correspond (1:1) to respective Slices S1-SN of a data set representing the 3D object 100. The Portions 1-N can, however, correspond to an arbitrary number of Slices of the data set and to an arbitrary thickness of the 3D object 100.

As further shown in FIG. 1, each of the Portions 1-N can have an associated set of Parameters applied to the CLIP printer for fabrication of the 3D object 100. In other words, each of the Portions 1-N can have a respective set of Parameters such that the Parameters applied to the CLIP printer can vary depending on which Portion of the 3D object 100 being currently fabricating. For example, when the first Portion (1) is being fabricated, the set of Parameters (1) is applied to the CLIP printer. When, however, the next contiguous Portion (2) is to be fabricated, the set of Parameters (2) can be applied to the CLIP printer for use in fabrication. It will be understood that the each sets of the Parameters 1-N can be different or can be repeated. For example, in some cases Parameters (1-10) may be the same as one another whereas in other cases each of the Parameters (1-10) may be different from one another. Also, a complete schedule of Parameters 1-N can be maintained for a particular 3D object, which are applied in sequence once fabrication begins.

FIG. 2A is a flowchart illustrating operations of a system for determining the Parameters used to fabricate the 3D object 100 of FIG. 1 using a CLIP printer in some embodiments according to the invention. According to FIG. 2A, the system can receive an objective for the 3D fabrication as an input (220). The objective input can be, for example, the speed at which the fabrication is to be carried out, the resolution at which the fabrication is to be carried out, etc. Once the objective is provided (220), the system can determine the best Parameters to be applied to the CLIP Printer during Fabrication using a model that defines a relationship between the objective input and the Parameters to be applied (225).

FIG. 2B is a flowchart illustrating operations of a system for determining the Parameters used to fabricate the 3D object 100 of FIG. 1 using a CLIP printer in some embodiments according to the invention. According to FIG. 2B, the system can receive an objective for the 3D fabrication as an input (205). The objective input can be, for example, the speed at which the fabrication is to be carried out, the resolution at which the fabrication is to be carried out, etc. Once the objective is provided (205), the Parameters to possibly be applied to the CLIP printer for fabrication of the 3D object can be determined (210). Once the possible Parameters are determined (210), the best set of possible Parameters can be selected for application to the CLIP printer for fabrication of the 3D object (215).

FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating operations of the system in FIG. 2B to determine Parameters used to fabricate the 3D object of FIG. 1 using simulation in some embodiments according to the invention. According to FIG. 3, to determine the Parameters that may possibly be applied to the CLIP printer for the fabrication of the 3D object (210), a variable N identifying the particular Portion of the 3D object can be initialized to 1 (305). Also, a variable M identifying a particular set of Parameters for a particular portion of the 3D object is initialized to 1 (310).

The Parameters (M) are set for fabrication of a portion (N) of the 3D object (315). It will be understood that the Parameters (M) for fabrication associated with the portion (N) can be Parameters associated with processes in the CLIP printer that can be monitored and/or controlled during fabrication. For example, the Parameters can include the energy/frequency of the irradiation used to image the Portion, the temperature of the polymerizable liquid used to fabricate the 3D object 100, etc.

Accordingly, a range of values for each of the Parameters (M) can be used to simulate the fabrication. For example, when the Parameter is temperature, a temperature value (over a certain range of temperature values) can be provided during each simulation (320) for the respective Portion (N). When, however, the Parameter is changed to the energy/frequency of the irradiation used, a value of the energy/frequency (over a certain range) is provided during each simulation (320) for the respective Portion (N).

The fabrication of portion (N) can be simulated using the set Parameters (M) (320). It will be understood that the simulation of the fabrication of Portions of the 3D object using Parameters (M) can be provided using the relationships described in Tumbleston “Continuous Liquid Interface Printing of 3D Objects” Science Magazine Mar. 2015, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference.

If another set of Parameters (M) are to be used to simulate the fabrication (325), the variable M is incremented by 1 (330) and operations continue at step (315). The iteration of (315-325) continues until no more Parameters for the portion (N) are to be simulated, whereupon, the Parameters set which best meets the objective provided for the portion (N) is determined (335) and is saved as the Parameters (N) so that it is associated with Portion (N) (340).

If more Portions of the 3D object are to be simulated (345), the variable (N) is incremented by 1 (350) and iteration of (310-345) continues until all Portions (N) have been simulated with all Parameters, operations can continue by assembling a schedule that associates each Portion (N) with the Parameters (N) which best meets the objective for that particular Portion. Accordingly, when fabricating, the Parameters (N) selected for each of the Portions (N) can be provided for use in fabricating the 3D object 100.

As noted above, each of the Portions 1-N may correspond to multiple Slices of the data set, and the set of Parameters may include, for example, index numbers identifying respective operating modes, parameters of operating modes, a slice thickness, a set of slice thicknesses, and the number of times slice thickness is changed.

FIG. 3 shows an example of a generic computing device 500, which may be used with the embodiments described herein. Computing device 500 is intended to represent various forms of digital computers, such as laptops, desktops, workstations, personal digital assistants, servers, blade servers, mainframes, controllers, and other appropriate computers. The components shown herein, their connections and relationships, and their functions, are meant to be exemplary only, and are not meant to limit implementations of the inventions described and/or claimed.

Computing device 500 includes a processor 502, memory 504, a storage device 506, a high-speed interface 508 connected to memory 504, and a high speed controller 510. Each of the components is interconnected using various buses, and may be mounted on a common motherboard or in other manners as appropriate. The processor 502 can process instructions for execution within the computing device 500, including instructions stored in the memory 504 or on the storage device 506 to display graphical information for a GUI on an external input/output device. In other implementations, multiple processors and/or multiple buses may be used, as appropriate, along with multiple memories and types of memory. Also, multiple computing devices 500 may be connected, with each device providing portions of the necessary operations (e.g., as a server bank, a group of blade servers, or a multi-processor system).

The memory 504 stores information within the computing device 500. In one implementation, the memory 504 is a volatile memory unit or units. In another implementation, the memory 504 is a non-volatile memory unit or units. The memory 504 may also be another form of computer-readable medium, such as a magnetic or optical disk.

The storage device 506 is capable of providing mass storage for the computing device 500. In one implementation, the storage device 506 may be or contain a computer-readable medium, such as a floppy disk device, a hard disk device, an optical disk device, or a tape device, a flash memory or other similar solid state memory device, or an array of devices, including devices in a storage area network or other configurations. A computer program product can be tangibly embodied in an information carrier. The computer program product may also contain instructions that, when executed, perform one or more methods, such as those described above. The information carrier is a computer- or machine-readable medium, such as the memory 504, the storage device 506, or memory on processor 502. The high speed controller 510, can manage bandwidth-intensive operations for the computing device 500 and CLIP printer operations. Such allocation of functions is exemplary only.

The computing device 500 may be implemented in a number of different forms. For example, it may be implemented as a standard server, or multiple times in a group of such servers. It may also be implemented as part of a rack server system. In addition, it may be implemented in a personal computer such as a laptop computer. Alternatively, components of computing device 500 may be combined with other components.

It will be understood that various implementations of the systems and techniques described here can be realized in digital electronic circuitry, integrated circuitry, specially designed ASICs (application specific integrated circuits), computer hardware, firmware, software, and/or combinations thereof. These various implementations can include implementation in one or more computer programs that are executable and/or interpretable on a programmable system including at least one programmable processor, which may be special or general purpose, coupled to receive data and instructions from, and to transmit data and instructions to, a storage system, at least one input device, and at least one output device.

These computer programs (also known as programs, software, software applications or code) include machine instructions for a programmable processor, and can be implemented in a high-level procedural and/or object-oriented programming language, and/or in assembly/machine language. As used herein, the terms “machine-readable medium” and “computer-readable medium” refer to any computer program product, apparatus and/or device (e.g., magnetic discs, optical disks, memory, Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs)) used to provide machine instructions and/or data to a programmable processor, including a machine-readable medium that receives machine instructions as a machine-readable signal. The term “machine-readable signal” refers to any signal used to provide machine instructions and/or data to a programmable processor.

To provide for interaction with a user, the systems and techniques described here can be implemented on a computer having a display device (e.g., a CRT (cathode ray tube) or LCD (liquid crystal display) monitor) for displaying information to the user and a keyboard and a pointing device (e.g., a mouse or a trackball) by which the user can provide input to the computer. Other kinds of devices can be used to provide for interaction with a user as well; for example, feedback provided to the user can be any form of sensory feedback (e.g., visual feedback, auditory feedback, or tactile feedback); and input from the user can be received in any form, including acoustic, speech, or tactile input.

The systems and techniques described here can be implemented in a computing system that includes a back end component (e.g., as a data server), or that includes a middleware component (e.g., an application server), or that includes a front end component (e.g., a client computer having a graphical user interface or a Web browser through which a user can interact with an implementation of the systems and techniques described here), or any combination of such back end, middleware, or front end components. The components of the system can be interconnected by any form or medium of digital data communication (e.g., a communication network). Examples of communication networks include a local area network (“LAN”), a wide area network (“WAN”), and the Internet.

The computing system can include clients and servers. A client and server are generally remote from each other and typically interact through a communication network. The relationship of client and server arises by virtue of computer programs running on the respective computers and having a client-server relationship to each other.

In addition, the logic flows depicted in the figures do not require the particular order shown, or sequential order, to achieve desirable results. In addition, other steps may be provided, or steps may be eliminated, from the described flows, and other components may be added to, or removed from, the described systems. Accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims.

It will be appreciated that the above embodiments that have been described in particular detail are merely example or possible embodiments, and that there are many other combinations, additions, or alternatives that may be included.

Also, the particular naming of the components, capitalization of terms, the attributes, data structures, or any other programming or structural aspect is not mandatory or significant, and the mechanisms that implement the invention or its features may have different names, formats, or protocols. Further, the system may be implemented via a combination of hardware and software, as described, or entirely in hardware elements. Also, the particular division of functionality between the various system components described herein is merely exemplary, and not mandatory; functions performed by a single system component may instead be performed by multiple components, and functions performed by multiple components may instead performed by a single component.

Some portions of the description present features in terms of algorithms and symbolic representations of operations on information. These algorithmic descriptions and representations may be used by those skilled in the data processing arts to most effectively convey the substance of their work to others skilled in the art. These operations, while described functionally or logically, are understood to be implemented by computer programs. Furthermore, it has also proven convenient at times, to refer to these arrangements of operations as modules or by functional names, without loss of generality.

Unless specifically stated otherwise as apparent from the above discussion, it is appreciated that throughout the description, discussions utilizing terms such as “processing” or “computing” or “calculating” or “determining” or “displaying” or “providing” or the like, refer to the action and processes of a computer system, or similar electronic computing device, that manipulates and transforms data represented as physical (electronic) quantities within the computer system memories or registers or other such information storage, transmission or display devices. In the figures, the thickness of certain lines, layers, components, elements or features may be exaggerated for clarity. Where used, broken lines illustrate optional features or operations unless specified otherwise.

The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” are intended to include plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, steps, operations, elements components and/or groups or combinations thereof, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, steps, operations, elements, components and/or groups or combinations thereof.

As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all possible combinations or one or more of the associated listed items, as well as the lack of combinations when interpreted in the alternative (“or”).

Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the specification and claims and should not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein. Well-known functions or constructions may not be described in detail for brevity and/or clarity.

It will be understood that when an element is referred to as being “on,” “attached” to, “connected” to, “coupled” with, “contacting,” etc., another element, it can be directly on, attached to, connected to, coupled with and/or contacting the other element or intervening elements can also be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being, for example, “directly on,” “directly attached” to, “directly connected” to, “directly coupled” with or “directly contacting” another element, there are no intervening elements present. It will also be appreciated by those of skill in the art that references to a structure or feature that is disposed “adjacent” another feature can have portions that overlap or underlie the adjacent feature.

Spatially relative terms, such as “under,” “below,” “lower,” “over,” “upper” and the like, may be used herein for ease of description to describe an element's or feature's relationship to another element(s) or feature(s) as illustrated in the figures. It will be understood that the spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures. For example, if the device in the figures is inverted, elements described as “under” or “beneath” other elements or features would then be oriented “over” the other elements or features. Thus the exemplary term “under” can encompass both an orientation of over and under. The device may otherwise be oriented (rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations) and the spatially relative descriptors used herein interpreted accordingly. Similarly, the terms “upwardly,” “downwardly,” “vertical,” “horizontal” and the like are used herein for the purpose of explanation only, unless specifically indicated otherwise.

It will be understood that, although the terms first, second, etc., may be used herein to describe various elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections, these elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections should not be limited by these terms. Rather, these terms are only used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer and/or section, from another element, component, region, layer and/or section. Thus, a first element, component, region, layer or section discussed herein could be termed a second element, component, region, layer or section without departing from the teachings of the present invention.

Embodiments of the inventive subject matter are described herein with reference to plan and perspective illustrations that are schematic illustrations of idealized embodiments of the inventive subject matter. As such, variations from the shapes of the illustrations as a result, for example, of manufacturing techniques and/or tolerances, are to be expected. Thus, the inventive subject matter should not be construed as limited to the particular shapes of objects illustrated herein, but should include deviations in shapes that result, for example, from manufacturing. Thus, the objects illustrated in the Figures are schematic in nature and their shapes are not intended to illustrate the actual shape of a region of a device and are not intended to limit the scope of the inventive subject matter.

In the above-description of various embodiments of the present disclosure, aspects of the present disclosure may be illustrated and described herein in any of a number of patentable classes or contexts including any new and useful process, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof. Accordingly, aspects of the present disclosure may be implemented entirely hardware, entirely software (including firmware, resident software, micro-code, etc.) or combining software and hardware implementation that may all generally be referred to herein as a “circuit,” “module,” “component,” or “system.” Furthermore, aspects of the present disclosure may take the form of a computer program product comprising one or more computer readable media having computer readable program code embodied thereon.

Any combination of one or more computer readable media may be used. The computer readable media may be a computer readable signal medium or a computer readable storage medium. A computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. More specific examples (a non-exhaustive list) of the computer readable storage medium would include the following: a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), an appropriate optical fiber with a repeater, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. In the context of this document, a computer readable storage medium may be any tangible medium that can contain, or store a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device.

A computer readable signal medium may include a propagated data signal with computer readable program code embodied therein, for example, in baseband or as part of a carrier wave. Such a propagated signal may take any of a variety of forms, including, but not limited to, electro-magnetic, optical, or any suitable combination thereof. A computer readable signal medium may be any computer readable medium that is not a computer readable storage medium and that can communicate, propagate, or transport a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. Program code embodied on a computer readable signal medium may be transmitted using any appropriate medium, including but not limited to wireless, wireline, optical fiber cable, RF, etc., or any suitable combination of the foregoing.

Computer program code for carrying out operations for aspects of the present disclosure may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object oriented programming language such as Java, Scala, Smalltalk, Eiffel, JADE, Emerald, C++, C#, VB.NET, Python or the like, conventional procedural programming languages, such as the “C” programming language, Visual Basic, Fortran 2003, Perl, COBOL 2002, PHP, ABAP, dynamic programming languages such as Python, Ruby and Groovy, or other programming languages. The program code may execute entirely on the user's computer, partly on the user's computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user's computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user's computer through any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider) or in a cloud computing environment or offered as a service such as a Software as a Service (SaaS).

Aspects of the present disclosure are described herein with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of the disclosure. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer program instructions. These computer program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable instruction execution apparatus, create a mechanism for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.

These computer program instructions may also be stored in a computer readable medium that when executed can direct a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other devices to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions when stored in the computer readable medium produce an article of manufacture including instructions which when executed, cause a computer to implement the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. The computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer, other programmable instruction execution apparatus, or other devices to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer, other programmable apparatuses or other devices to produce a computer implemented process such that the instructions which execute on the computer or other programmable apparatus provide processes for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.

The flowchart and block diagrams in the figures illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods, and computer program products according to various aspects of the present disclosure. In this regard, each block in the flowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portion of code, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). It should also be noted that, in some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the block may occur out of the order noted in the figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specified functions or acts, or combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions.

The corresponding structures, materials, acts, and equivalents of any means or step plus function elements in the claims below are intended to include any disclosed structure, material, or act for performing the function in combination with other claimed elements as specifically claimed. The description of the present disclosure has been presented for purposes of illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the disclosure in the form disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the disclosure. The aspects of the disclosure herein were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the disclosure and the practical application, and to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the disclosure with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. 

What is claimed:
 1. A method of determining Parameters for application to Continuous Liquid Interface Printing (CLIP), the method comprising: receiving an objective input for fabrication using a CLIP printer; and determining best Parameters to be applied to the CLIP Printer during Fabrication using a model that defines a relationship between the objective input and Parameters to be applied during fabrication.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein determining best Parameters comprises: determining sets of parameters to be applied to the CLIP printer during the fabrication to provide possible sets of parameters; and selecting, from among the possible sets of parameters, the best Parameters to be applied to the CLIP printer during the fabrication.
 3. The method of claim 1 further comprising: fabricating the 3D object using the best Parameters.
 4. The method of claim 2 wherein determining sets of parameters to be applied to the CLIP printer during the fabrication further comprises: simulating the fabrication of the 3D object using different sets of parameters.
 5. The method of claim 4 further comprising: simulating the fabrication of the 3D object using the different sets of parameters for different portions of the 3D object.
 6. The method of claim 5 wherein selecting, from among the possible sets of parameters, the best Parameters to be applied to the CLIP printer during the fabrication comprises: selecting, from among the possible sets of parameters, a best set of parameters.
 7. A system for three-dimensional (3D) Continuous Liquid Interface Production (CLIP) comprising: an interface circuit configured to receive an objective input for fabrication using a CLIP printer; and a processor circuit, coupled to the interface circuit, configured to determine best Parameters to be applied to the CLIP Printer during fabrication using a model that defines a relationship between the objective input and Parameters to be applied during fabrication.
 8. The system of claim 7 wherein the processor circuit is further: configured to determine sets of parameters to be applied to the CLIP printer during the fabrication to provide possible sets of parameters and is configured to select, from among the possible sets of parameters, the best parameters to be applied to the CLIP printer during the fabrication.
 9. The system of claim 7, further comprising: a 3D CLIP printer configured to fabricate a 3D object using the best Parameters.
 10. The system of claim 8 wherein: the processor circuit is further configured to determine the sets of parameters to be applied to the CLIP printer during the fabrication by simulating the fabrication of a 3D object using different sets of parameters.
 11. The system of claim 10 wherein: the processor circuit is further configured to simulate the fabrication of the 3D object using the different sets of parameters for different portions of the 3D object.
 12. The system of claim 11 wherein: the processor circuit is further configured to select, from among the possible sets of parameters, the best Parameters to be applied to the CLIP printer during the fabrication by selecting, from among the possible sets of parameters, a best set of parameters.
 13. A computer program product, comprising: a tangible computer readable storage medium comprising computer readable program code embodied in the medium that when executed by a processor causes the processor to perform operations comprising: receiving an objective input for fabrication using a CLIP printer; and determining best Parameters to be applied to the CLIP Printer during Fabrication using a model that defines a relationship between the objective input and Parameters to be applied during fabrication.
 14. The computer program product of claim 13 wherein determining best Parameters comprises: determining sets of parameters to be applied to the CLIP printer during the fabrication to provide possible sets of parameters; and selecting, from among the possible sets of parameters, the best Parameters to be applied to the CLIP printer during the fabrication.
 15. The computer program product of claim 13 further comprising: fabricating a 3D object using the best Parameters.
 16. The computer program product of claim 14 wherein determining sets of parameters to be applied to the CLIP printer during the fabrication further comprises: simulating the fabrication of a 3D object using different sets of parameters.
 17. The computer program product of claim 16 further comprising: simulating the fabrication of the 3D object using the different sets of parameters for different portions of the 3D object.
 18. The computer program product of claim 17 wherein selecting, from among the possible sets of parameters, the best Parameters to be applied to the CLIP printer during the fabrication comprises: selecting, from among the possible sets of parameters, a best set of parameters. 